General Information
The avocado (Persea americana) is a tree, long thought to have originated in South Central Mexico, classified as a member of the flowering plant family Lauraceae. The fruit of the plant, also called an avocado (or avocado pear or alligator pear), is botanically a large berry containing a single large seed known as a “pit” or a “stone”.
Avocados are commercially valuable and are cultivated in tropical and Mediterranean climates throughout the world. They have a green-skinned, fleshy body that may be pear-shaped, egg-shaped, or spherical. Commercially, they ripen after harvesting. Avocado trees are partially self-pollinating and are often propagated through grafting to maintain a predictable quality and quantity of the fruit.
History
The avocado(Persea americana) originated in south-central Mexico, sometime between 7,000 and 5,000 B.C. But it was several millennia before this wild variety was cultivated. Archaeologists in Peru have found domesticated avocado seeds buried with Incan mummies dating back to 750 B.C. and there is evidence that avocados were cultivated in Mexico as early as 500 B.C.
The California avocado is a native American plant with a long, distinguished history. Today, the most popular variety is the Hass. The mother tree of all Hass avocados was born in a backyard in La Habra Heights, California. Spanish conquistadores loved the fruit but couldn’t pronounce it and changed the Aztec word to a more manageable aguacate, which eventually became avocado in English. The first English-language mention of avocado was by Sir Henry Sloane in 1696.
Fast forward to 1871, when Judge R.B. Ord of Santa Barbara successfully introduced avocados to the U.S. with trees from Mexico. By the early 1900s, growers were seeing the avocado’s commercial potential and ever since growers, enthusiasts and researchers have been hunting for improved varieties. A search through the industry’s foremost annals, in particular the California Avocado Society Yearbook, reveals that many new selections of avocado were made in the industry’s infancy and over subsequent years but few had commercial significance. By the 1950’s around 25 different varieties of avocados were being commercially packed and shipped in California, with ‘Fuerte’ accounting for more than two-thirds of the production. Even though ‘Hass’ was discovered in the early 1930’s and patented by Rudolph Hass in 1935, it was not until large-scale industry expansion occurred in the late 1970s that ‘Hass’ replaced ‘Fuerte’ as the leading California variety.
